Sanitation
Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting healththrough prevention of human
contact with the hazards ofwastes as well
as the treatment and proper disposal ofsewage or wastewater. Hazards can
be either physical,microbiological, biological or chemical
agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems include human and
animal excreta, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, sullage, greywater),
industrial wastes and agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of prevention can be
by using engineering solutions (e.g., sewerage, wastewater
treatment, stormwater drainage, solid waste management, excreta
management), simple technologies (e.g., pit latrines, dry toilets, UDDTs, septic tanks), or even
simply by personal hygiene practices (e.g., hand washing with
soap, behavior change).
"Sanitation
generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe
disposal of human urine and feces. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of
disease world-wide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant
beneficial impact on health both in households and across communities. The word
'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through
services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.[1]
Sanitation
includes all four of these engineering infrastructure items (even though often
only the first one is strongly associated with the term
"sanitation"):
·
Excreta
management systems
·
Wastewater
management systems
·
Solid waste management
systems
·
Drainage
systems for rainwater, also called stormwater drainage
Despite the
fact that sanitation includes wastewater treatment, the two
terms are often use side by side: people tend to speak of sanitation and wastewater
management which is why the differeantiation is also made in the sub-headings
in this article. The term sanitation has been connected to several descriptors
so that the terms sustainable sanitation, improved sanitation, unimproved
sanitation, environmental sanitation, on-site sanitation, ecological
sanitation, dry sanitation are all in use today. Sanitation should be regarded
with a systems approach in mind which includes collection/containment,
conveyance/transport, treatment and disposal or reuse.
Types of sanitation
The term sanitation is connected with various descriptors to
signify certain types of sanitation systems. Here they are shown in
alphabetical order:
Dry sanitation
The term "dry sanitation" is
somewhat misleading as sanitation as includes handwashing and can never be
"dry". A more precise term would be "dry excreta
management". When people speak of "dry sanitation" they usually
mean sanitation systems with dry
toilets with urine
diversion, in
particular the urine-diverting dry toilet (UDDT).[4]
Ecological sanitation
Ecological sanitation, which is commonly abbreviated to ecosan, is
an approach, rather than a technology or a device which is characterized by a
desire to "close the loop" (mainly for the nutrients and organic
matter) between sanitation and agriculture in a safe manner. Put in other
words: "Ecosan systems safely recycle excreta resources (plant nutrients
and organic matter) to crop production in such a way that the use of
non-renewable resources is minimised". When properly designed and
operated, ecosan systems provide a hygienically safe, economical, and
closed-loop system to convert human excreta into nutrients to be returned to
the soil, and water to be returned to the land. Ecosan is also called
resource-oriented sanitation.
Environmental sanitation
Environmental sanitation is the control of
environmental factors that form links in diseasetransmission. Subsets of this category are solid waste
management, water and wastewatertreatment, industrial
waste treatment and noise and pollution control.
Improved and unimproved sanitation
Improved sanitation and unimproved
sanitation refers to the management of human feces at
the household level. This terminology is the indicator used to describe the
target of the Millennium Development Goal on sanitation, by the WHO/UNICEF Joint
Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.
Lack of sanitation
Lack of sanitation refers to the absence of
sanitation. In practical terms it usually means lack of toilets or lack of
hygienic toilets that anybody would want to use voluntarily. The result of lack
of sanitation is usually open
defecation (and open urination but this is of less
concern) with the associated serious public health issues.
On-site sanitation
Onsite sanitation is the collection and
treatment of waste is done where it is deposited. Examples are the use of pit latrines, septic
tanks, and Imhoff tanks
Hygiene
"Hygienist"
redirects here. For specific kinds of hygienist, see Industrial hygienist and Dental hygienist.
Washing one's hands, a form ofhygiene,
is the most effective way to prevent the spread of infectious disease.
Astronaut taking a hot bath in the crew
quarters of the Orbital Workshop (OWS) of the Skylab space station cluster in Earth
orbit. In deploying theshower facility the shower curtain is pulled up
from the floor and attached to the ceiling. The water comes through a
push-button shower head attached to a flexible hose. Water is drawn off by avacuum system.
Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health, Hygieia), is a set of practices performed
for the preservation of health. Whereas in popular culture and parlance it
can often mean mere 'cleanliness', hygiene in its fullest and original meaning
goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices, lifestyle
issues, premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment.
While in modern medical sciencesthere is a set of standards of hygiene recommended for different
situations, what is considered hygienic or not can vary between different cultures, genders and etarian groups. Some regular hygienic practices may be
considered good habits by a society while the neglect of hygiene can
be considered disgusting, disrespectful or even threatening.
Personal
hygiene
Personal hygiene involves those practices
performed by an individual to care for one's bodily health and well being,
through cleanliness. Motivations for personal hygiene practice include
reduction of personal illness, healing from personal illness, optimal health
and sense of well being, social acceptance and prevention of spread of illness
to others. What is considered proper personal hygiene can be cultural-specific
and may change over time. In some cultures removal of body hair is considered proper hygiene. Other practices
that are generally considered proper hygiene include bathing regularly, washing
hands regularly and especially before handling food, washing scalp hair,
keeping hair short or removing hair, wearing clean clothing, brushing one's
teeth, cutting finger nails, besides other practices. Some practices are
gender-specific, such as by a woman during her menstrual cycle. People tend to
develop a routine for attending to their personal hygiene needs. Other personal
hygienic practices would include covering one's mouth when coughing, disposal
of soiled tissues appropriately, making sure toilets are clean, and making sure
food handling areas are clean, besides other practices. Some cultures do not
kiss or shake hands to reduce transmission of bacteria by contact.
Excessive body hygiene of internal ear canals
Excessive body hygiene of the ear canals can result in infection or irritation. The ear
canals require less body hygiene care than other parts of the body, because
they are sensitive, and the body system adequately cares for these parts. Most
of the time the ear canals are self-cleaning; that is, there is a slow and
orderly migration of the skin lining the ear canal from the eardrum to the
outer opening of the ear. Old earwax is constantly being transported from the
deeper areas of the ear canal out to the opening where it usually dries,
flakes, and falls out. Attempts to clean the
ear canals through the removal of earwax can actually reduce ear canal cleanliness by pushing debris and
foreign material into the ear that the natural movement of ear wax out of the
ear would have removed.
Public health
a field of medicine that deals with the physical and mental health of the community, particularly in such areas as water supply, waste disposal, airpollution, and food safety. In the United States there are more than 3000 state, county, or city public health agencies. The U.S. Public Health Servicewas organized in 1798 to provide hospital care for American merchant seamen. Subsequent legislation has expanded the role of the federal agency toinclude such services as the Food and Drug Administration; the National Library of Medicine; health care for Native Americans and Alaska Natives;protection against impure and unsafe foods, drugs, cosmetics, and medical devices; control of alcohol and drug abuse; and protection against unsaferadiation-producing projects.
health As defined by The Faculty of Public Health Medicine (UK), public health is “The science and art of preventing disease, prolonginglife and promoting health through organised efforts of society”. Some public health messages have been delivered at national level such asChange4life and smoking cessation.
ليست هناك تعليقات:
إرسال تعليق